sources:articles:a_belorussian_border_shtetl_in_the_1920s_and_1930s
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sources:articles:a_belorussian_border_shtetl_in_the_1920s_and_1930s [2013/10/19 16:42] – [History] Jon Jaroker | sources:articles:a_belorussian_border_shtetl_in_the_1920s_and_1930s [2023/03/04 21:57] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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* atmosphere of suspicions | * atmosphere of suspicions | ||
* youth and children take part in identifying suspicius people | * youth and children take part in identifying suspicius people | ||
+ | * 1920s: Soviet legislation divides citizens into those with right to vote and those deprived right to vote (the // | ||
+ | * Lishentsy blocked from politics, government, banking (loans/ | ||
+ | * High percentage of lishentsy (25%) are Jews because of their occupation: merchants, privately employed (including those who refused to join coops or engaged in private enterprise like leasing gardens, stables, bakeries, small scale butchers), entrepreneurs who had their own businesses (windmills, wood processing, owners of inns), and members of the clergy (rabbis and ritual slaughterers) | ||
+ | * 1924-1926: administered by 3 soviets (Jewish, Jewish-Belorussian, | ||
+ | * 1927: Soviet becomes Jewish-Belorussian, | ||
+ | * 1935: Soviet terror. | ||
+ | * April 20 1939, soviets liquidated | ||
+ | * Sept 1, 1939: Soviet invasion of Poland. Country' | ||
===== Commerce ===== | ===== Commerce ===== | ||
Line 41: | Line 48: | ||
* craftsmen with family/ | * craftsmen with family/ | ||
* 1927: 112 jews working in Turov cooperatives: | * 1927: 112 jews working in Turov cooperatives: | ||
+ | * 1930s: forced collectivization | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Home Economics ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Jewish occupations were mostly in trade, crafts, merchants. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 1926, Belorussian farmers refused to allow Jews to pasture their animals, demanding Jews pay 10-15 rubles per cow per summer. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Jewish Occupations ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Jewish occupations in the 1920s | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Craftsmen, the largest group. | ||
+ | * Majority employed in season work. Some smiths hired employees. | ||
+ | * shoemakers, | ||
+ | * Main obstacle were: taxes, lack of working capital, shortage of raw materials | ||
+ | * Worked all daylight hours | ||
+ | * 1925 avg taxes for craftsman: 15.5 rubles per month, consisting of 8 rubles for the license and 7.5 rubles in income taxes | ||
+ | * Merchants, most merchants were Jewish | ||
+ | * Shopkeepers: | ||
+ | * Peddlers: petty merchants who peddled their wares. | ||
+ | * Majority of merchants were poor, as evidenced by shop's inventory and taxes assessed. | ||
+ | * Private merchants faced competition from the state and cooperatives. | ||
+ | * Private business lost to cooperatives and state enterprises. | ||
+ | * Workers and Employees | ||
+ | * most socially privileged. | ||
+ | * administrators, | ||
+ | * Monthly salary was 35 rubles. | ||
+ | * Employees exempt from some taxes | ||
+ | * No Defined Occupation | ||
+ | * individuals who did not indicate offical employment, incomplete families with one breadwinner, | ||
+ | * Dependent on their children or relatives who sent aid from America. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Occupations in the 1930s ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Occupations for Jews (throughout country) divided in 1930s into: | ||
+ | |||
+ | * workers | ||
+ | * employees | ||
+ | * craftsmen | ||
+ | * collective farmers | ||
+ | |||
===== Population ===== | ===== Population ===== | ||
Line 54: | Line 103: | ||
* 1925: " | * 1925: " | ||
* unable to pay taxes | * unable to pay taxes | ||
- | * | ||
sources/articles/a_belorussian_border_shtetl_in_the_1920s_and_1930s.txt · Last modified: 2023/03/04 21:57 by 127.0.0.1