sources:articles:a_belorussian_border_shtetl_in_the_1920s_and_1930s
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sources:articles:a_belorussian_border_shtetl_in_the_1920s_and_1930s [2013/10/10 12:19] – created Jon Jaroker | sources:articles:a_belorussian_border_shtetl_in_the_1920s_and_1930s [2023/03/04 21:57] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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+ | Available from: | ||
+ | * http:// | ||
</ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====== Notes ====== | ||
+ | |||
+ | These notes relate to the border town of Turov, unless otherwise. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== History ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Jewish community in Turov starts in 16th century | ||
+ | * Regime changes | ||
+ | * WWI, Revolution, Civil War | ||
+ | * Germans, Bolsheviks, Germans, Bolsheviks, Poles, Balak-Balakhvich | ||
+ | * Accompanied by requisitions, | ||
+ | * Restrictions on entry, nighttime curfews, customs inspections existed until the outbreak of WWII | ||
+ | * atmosphere of suspicions | ||
+ | * youth and children take part in identifying suspicius people | ||
+ | * 1920s: Soviet legislation divides citizens into those with right to vote and those deprived right to vote (the // | ||
+ | * Lishentsy blocked from politics, government, banking (loans/ | ||
+ | * High percentage of lishentsy (25%) are Jews because of their occupation: merchants, privately employed (including those who refused to join coops or engaged in private enterprise like leasing gardens, stables, bakeries, small scale butchers), entrepreneurs who had their own businesses (windmills, wood processing, owners of inns), and members of the clergy (rabbis and ritual slaughterers) | ||
+ | * 1924-1926: administered by 3 soviets (Jewish, Jewish-Belorussian, | ||
+ | * 1927: Soviet becomes Jewish-Belorussian, | ||
+ | * 1935: Soviet terror. | ||
+ | * April 20 1939, soviets liquidated | ||
+ | * Sept 1, 1939: Soviet invasion of Poland. Country' | ||
+ | ===== Commerce ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * 1897: trade and crafts | ||
+ | * Until WWII, restrictions on imports and movement | ||
+ | * hampered economic development | ||
+ | * hampered importing of goods | ||
+ | * NEP of 1921 improves economic situation | ||
+ | * steam-powered mill | ||
+ | * increase in stores and meat shops | ||
+ | * semi-annual fairs with turnover of 10,000s roubles | ||
+ | * crafts workshops with machinery for wool, tanning leather, hulling grain, producing wax, cheese making, other agricultural items | ||
+ | * sawmill, brick factories, flour mill and fulling mill | ||
+ | * 1925, cooperative associations account for 50% of consumption | ||
+ | * offering lower prices by 25%-35% for manufactured goods and services | ||
+ | * 5-10% lower prices for other goods | ||
+ | * 1925: heavy taxation on retailers and craftsmen, leaving many " | ||
+ | * authorities encourage Jews to join coops (artels) | ||
+ | * craftsmen with family/ | ||
+ | * 1927: 112 jews working in Turov cooperatives: | ||
+ | * 1930s: forced collectivization | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Home Economics ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Jewish occupations were mostly in trade, crafts, merchants. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 1926, Belorussian farmers refused to allow Jews to pasture their animals, demanding Jews pay 10-15 rubles per cow per summer. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Jewish Occupations ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Jewish occupations in the 1920s | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Craftsmen, the largest group. | ||
+ | * Majority employed in season work. Some smiths hired employees. | ||
+ | * shoemakers, | ||
+ | * Main obstacle were: taxes, lack of working capital, shortage of raw materials | ||
+ | * Worked all daylight hours | ||
+ | * 1925 avg taxes for craftsman: 15.5 rubles per month, consisting of 8 rubles for the license and 7.5 rubles in income taxes | ||
+ | * Merchants, most merchants were Jewish | ||
+ | * Shopkeepers: | ||
+ | * Peddlers: petty merchants who peddled their wares. | ||
+ | * Majority of merchants were poor, as evidenced by shop's inventory and taxes assessed. | ||
+ | * Private merchants faced competition from the state and cooperatives. | ||
+ | * Private business lost to cooperatives and state enterprises. | ||
+ | * Workers and Employees | ||
+ | * most socially privileged. | ||
+ | * administrators, | ||
+ | * Monthly salary was 35 rubles. | ||
+ | * Employees exempt from some taxes | ||
+ | * No Defined Occupation | ||
+ | * individuals who did not indicate offical employment, incomplete families with one breadwinner, | ||
+ | * Dependent on their children or relatives who sent aid from America. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Occupations in the 1930s ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Occupations for Jews (throughout country) divided in 1930s into: | ||
+ | |||
+ | * workers | ||
+ | * employees | ||
+ | * craftsmen | ||
+ | * collective farmers | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Population ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * First Jews in 16th century | ||
+ | * 1897: 2,52 Jews (52.3% of population). | ||
+ | * Village was divided between Jewish and non-Jewish parts, until 1923 | ||
+ | * Number of jews drops steadily from 1897 to 1939; non-jewish population increases | ||
+ | * Jews emigrating between 1928 and 1931 | ||
+ | * migration mainly to Leningrad and moscow; then to Kharkov, Kiev and other cities in Belorussia. | ||
+ | * Moving rquired leaving property behind | ||
+ | * jews most mobile group of population, able to adapt to new life | ||
+ | * 1925: " | ||
+ | * unable to pay taxes | ||
+ |
sources/articles/a_belorussian_border_shtetl_in_the_1920s_and_1930s.1381421983.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/03/04 21:57 (external edit)