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 ===== English Translation =====
-were promising to bring around 1000 warriors up to the war. But soon this obligation was revoked away from them, and they were obliged along with parvenus of these cities where they have been living to pay regular and special taxes as well as carry out general labour conscriptions. In XVI century Jews crowded almost all the cities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Judaic commonalities or "Judaic gatherings" have been already noticed in Novgorod, Slonym, Mstibogov, Kleck, Pinsk, Cobrin, Polovsk, Vitebsk, Ostrog, Turc etc. Spreading Jews and their economical dominance has evoked extremely strong resentment in the lithuanian-russian society in the half of 16th century. Michalon Litvin was writing that Jews were the most wicked, trickiest, spiteful ones of all the nations and they exactly have gathered in this country. They kept on damaging the products, falsifying money, stamps, taking living means away from the Christians at the bazaars. They don't know any other means to go on with, except of the fraud and slander. Modern poet Klenovich was even more rude in expressing of his opinion about this situation during creation of the poem called "Roxolania". Let us take, for instance, one piece of his poem: "You ask what is Jew doing in this main city? Same as does wolf who has gotten into the full sheep-fold. He is getting whole cities pledges by means of debts; he is suppressing them with the tax percentage and eliminating the poverty. The worm is slowly sharpening tree and is little by little eating the oak. The moth is damaging fabric, the rust is damaging iron. So does Jew-the-sponger is eating private properties, bringing down the social riches." "Even the treasury of city is not safe from his tactics." Those opinions were not the only ones told about this situation. Polish gentry was also expressing their negative feelings about this mater during their collective seims. For instance, during the seim hold in 1551, gentry was complaining to the fact that Jews are holding large purchases and owning all possible pot-houses, as well.
+were promising to bring around 1000 warriors up to the war. But soon this obligation was revoked away from them, and they were obliged along with parvenus of these cities where they have been living to pay regular and special taxes as well as carry out general labour conscriptions. In XVI century Jews crowded almost all the cities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Judaic commonalities or "Judaic gatherings" have been already noticed in Novgorod, Slonym, Mstibogov, Kleck, Pinsk, Cobrin, Polovsk, Vitebsk, Ostrog, Turc etc. Spreading Jews and their economical dominance has evoked extremely strong resentment in the lithuanian-russian society in the half of 16th century. Michalon Litvin was writing that Jews were the most wicked, trickiest, spiteful ones of all the nations and they exactly have gathered in this country. They kept on damaging the products, falsifying money, stamps, taking living means away from the Christians at the bazaars. They don't know any other means to go on with, except of the fraud and slander. Modern poet Klenovich was even more rude in expressing of his opinion about this situation during creation of the poem called "Roxolania". Let us take, for instance, one piece of his poem: "You ask what is Jew doing in this main city? Same as does wolf who has gotten into the full sheep-fold. He is getting whole cities pledges by means of debts; he is suppressing them with the tax percentage and eliminating the poverty. The worm is slowly sharpening tree and is little by little eating the oak. The moth is damaging fabric, the rust is damaging iron. So does Jew-the-sponger is eating private properties, bringing down the social riches." "Even the treasury of city is not safe from his tactics." Those opinions were not the only ones told about this situation. Polish gentry was also expressing their negative feelings about this mater during their collective seims. For instance, during the seim hold in 1551, gentry was complaining to the fact that Jews are holding large purchases and owning all possible customs houses, as well.
 How to explain this extreme Jewish success in the Lithuanian-Russian state? Yes, the ancestral properties of the Jewish tribe, which resulted in their success on the market, stock market and in the industry -- <wrap hi>their extraordinary agility and resourcefulness, energy and ability not only to accumulate substantial sums of capital but also use it wisely.</wrap> Native Lithuanian-Russian gentry didn't have these qualities. We saw that they traded as part of their farming activities only.  They did not specialize in trade or industry.  The rich burghers of Vilna, Koven, Polock, Vitebsk and Kiev buying properties along with peasants and serving in army along with boyars were also not sufficiently skilled in trading and industry. Being either farmers or landowners, strongly attached to their residence, <wrap hi>Lithuanian-Russian locals did not possess the mobility or enterprise that the Jews did. Vice versa, they possessed the characteristics of the agricultural classes: immobility and rigidity.</wrap> They were not against trading and getting benefit from that, but they wanted to do it at their homes without leaving their land, unlike the Jews who sought opportunities in every place where was at least a little hope for profit. Lithuanian-Russian traders usually waited for the client or buyer to come to them while Jews sought and found them. Yet, the main advantage of Jews over the native petty bourgeoisie was in their striking ability to gather capital and put it into use, giving loans to those in need. Using this skill, Jews became favorites of the ruler as well as ruling aristocracy.