Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- sources:books:llsdjr:start [2013/11/04 17:21] – [Chapter 1 - Jews under Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth] Jon Jaroker
+++ sources:books:llsdjr:start [2023/03/04 21:57] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
   *   * Last third of 1700s, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth suffered econoonmic decliene; implications for Jews
     * Economy impoverished. Christian population creates laws to restricute compeition from Jews.  Jews had to seek new ways to earn a living.  They became extremely active in commerce, competing with Chritians and one another.  Economic activity in 1600-1650; political and social decline until end of 1700s.  economic and social status of Jews detiorated likewise.
+====== Chapter 2 - Under Russian Rule ======
+  * Yurevichi name: Iurovichi
+  * Rechitsa "Powiat" now called Rechitsa "Uezd".
+    * Addition of the northern part of the Kiev Voivodship.
+    * 1797: Uezd becomes part of Minsk Province.
+  * Catherine II preserves all rights and freedoms of "Polish szlachta" in an attempt to enlist their support.
+    * I Vishchinsky, Rechitsa deputy, asked CathII to revoke part of tax assessments until 1795.
+    * CathII
+  * Polish language was viewed as language of elite (landowners);  Belorus language considered "countrified".  Russian language seen as foreign.
+  * Attempts to convert new lands to Orthodoxy, but Catholicism, Uniate Church and Lithuanian-Polish culutre deeploy rooted in the east Slavic population
+  * 1830-1831 Polish uprising
+    * Russification after 1831: Russian-language primary schools. By 1850s, all language in primary schools changed from Polish to Russian.
+    * 1830s start of closing of Catholic monasteries
+    * "Northwest Region" replaces previous names of Belarus or Lithuania
+    * attempts to neutralize influence of Polish culture and Jewish economic power.  Met with suspicioun from the Belorussian peasants.(page 58).
+  * Taxes: Jews in Pale of Settlement were paying more than half of the town's taxes and fees.  consisting of property taxes and dues for engaging in commerce and trades. Officials "tax" Jews by illegally collecting and appropriating money from Jews.
+  * Rechitsa town finances
+    * Drinking establishments provide largest source of income.  45% of Rechitsa income in 1820s.
+    * Profits from town property 30%
+    * Taxes on residents 20%
+    * Expense: payment fo repair, construction, lighting, heating of public buildings, salaries of town officials
+      * Police budget 21%
+      * schools 18%
+      * fire department 15% (all town buildings were wooden)
+  * Commerce
+    * Jews own hotels and inns
+  * Homesteads
+    * Orchards attached to houses (of nobility and functionairies)
+    * 90% had vegetable patches or gardens
+    * wooden homes (wooden, half-collapsed hovels) (pg 66).  construction lumber cheap.  wooden shingle roofs.
+    * avg of seven people lived in each house.  about 15 per house in Minsk. in 1904.
+  * Conscription in 1827
+    * children taken away from parents and placed in army at age of 8.  sent to military schools, "cantons" until age of 18.  young boys forced to accept baptism by primises of privileges and psychological pressure.
+    * 25 yea service, beginning at age of maturity.
+    * 1867: Jews who finished their 25 years allowed to live anywhere in Russia.
+  * October 1907 strike.  Forces Nicholas II to issue "manifesto of October 17, 1905".  offers several freedoms to the population, including Jews.   Encouraged even greater protests.  Jews participated in demonstrations against monarchy.  Pro-monarchy supporters viewed Jewish participation as a Jewish victory against the tsars and organized pogroms.
+p.79
+====== Chapter 5 ======
+  *  P182: Kosher meat tax: initial use to support jewish community.  1825 law. Under Russian authority, used to support city.  Results in increase in meat prices, decrease in consumption and undernourishment.  Role of factoring continues: right to collect tax for 4 years, at a discount.  Collection in Rechitsa and Iurovichi indicates that the tax revenue was high enough to support this factoring.  Iurovichi must have been a substantial mestochko.  1840-1843: Nison/Leiba Feigin collet tax.   (grnadson of well-known tsadik Shender of Iurovichi, son of social activist, rabbi and merchant Litman (Motel) Feigin).  (P.182.)  Nison Feigin unable to collect; property auctioned