sources:books:llsdjr:start
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| ====== Chapter 1 - Jews under Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ====== | ====== Chapter 1 - Jews under Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ====== | ||
| + | * Medieval history, page 20. Rechitsa part of Duchy of Pinsk-Turov in 1150s | ||
| * Vitautas of grand duchy in Vilna tolerant of Jews; Judical rules protected life and property of all inhabitants, | * Vitautas of grand duchy in Vilna tolerant of Jews; Judical rules protected life and property of all inhabitants, | ||
| * grants Jewish communities in Brest, Grodno, Toki privileges to develop the backward economy | * grants Jewish communities in Brest, Grodno, Toki privileges to develop the backward economy | ||
| Line 47: | Line 48: | ||
| * Jews developed the eastern territories, | * Jews developed the eastern territories, | ||
| * Jews mostly engaged in small-scale retailing, selling alcohol (tavern owners) and brokerage. | * Jews mostly engaged in small-scale retailing, selling alcohol (tavern owners) and brokerage. | ||
| - | p.36 | + | * 1662-1665: Muscovite and Cossacks overrun Belarus, capturing most of the area. Jews massacred or forced to convert. |
| + | * War weakens Grand Duchy of Lithuania. | ||
| + | * 1765 | ||
| + | * poll tax replaces Kahal; census of Jewsih taxpayers | ||
| + | * Jews lighting candles may explain source of town fires and population' | ||
| + | * 1750-1800: Jews lived in private mestchkos | ||
| + | * owners of mestechkos attracted Jews to develop local ecoomy | ||
| + | * Principal occupation of Jews: distilling alcohol, selling bodka, leasing various sectors of nobile' | ||
| + | * lightly populated and impoverished towns could not guarantee living for Jews in towns | ||
| + | * Jews paid taxes and gave " | ||
| + | * Taxation of Jewish community, as a whole. | ||
| + | * Not individual or family, but the whole community | ||
| + | * Fiscal system that existed until 1764 | ||
| + | * Litvaks - Lithuanian-Belorussian Jews | ||
| + | * By end of 1700s: speaking own dialect, dressed differently (did not ware the long-skirted garment) and cut hair differently (no sidelocks) | ||
| + | * Mentality (which set them apart from Ukranian and Polish Jewss): rationalisim in behaviur, thirst for learning, businesslike approach to work, purposefulness, | ||
| + | * Litvak families: man consults with wife on imprtant matters, particularly those relating to trade; role of women in Litvak families. | ||
| + | * thirst for knowledge: secular sciences | ||
| + | * One branch called Mitnagdim (those who oppose/ | ||
| + | * Habad: combined hasidism with rabbinical scholarship and rationalism | ||
| + | * Antagonism existed between Litvaks and Polish/ | ||
| + | * differences: | ||
| + | * Litvak traditions in Rechitsa exist even though Rechitsa close to Ukraine. | ||
| + | * Litvaks evolved into " | ||
| + | * * Last third of 1700s, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth suffered econoonmic decliene; implications for Jews | ||
| + | * Economy impoverished. Christian population creates laws to restricute compeition from Jews. Jews had to seek new ways to earn a living. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====== Chapter 2 - Under Russian Rule ====== | ||
| + | * Yurevichi name: Iurovichi | ||
| + | * Rechitsa " | ||
| + | * Addition of the northern part of the Kiev Voivodship. | ||
| + | * 1797: Uezd becomes part of Minsk Province. | ||
| + | * Catherine II preserves all rights and freedoms of " | ||
| + | * I Vishchinsky, | ||
| + | * CathII | ||
| + | * Polish language was viewed as language of elite (landowners); | ||
| + | * Attempts to convert new lands to Orthodoxy, but Catholicism, | ||
| + | * 1830-1831 Polish uprising | ||
| + | * Russification after 1831: Russian-language primary schools. By 1850s, all language in primary schools changed from Polish to Russian. | ||
| + | * 1830s start of closing of Catholic monasteries | ||
| + | * " | ||
| + | * attempts to neutralize influence of Polish culture and Jewish economic power. | ||
| + | * Taxes: Jews in Pale of Settlement were paying more than half of the town's taxes and fees. consisting of property taxes and dues for engaging in commerce and trades. Officials " | ||
| + | * Rechitsa town finances | ||
| + | * Drinking establishments provide largest source of income. | ||
| + | * Profits from town property 30% | ||
| + | * Taxes on residents 20% | ||
| + | * Expense: payment fo repair, construction, | ||
| + | * Police budget 21% | ||
| + | * schools 18% | ||
| + | * fire department 15% (all town buildings were wooden) | ||
| + | * Commerce | ||
| + | * Jews own hotels and inns | ||
| + | * Homesteads | ||
| + | * Orchards attached to houses (of nobility and functionairies) | ||
| + | * 90% had vegetable patches or gardens | ||
| + | * wooden homes (wooden, half-collapsed hovels) (pg 66). construction lumber cheap. | ||
| + | * avg of seven people lived in each house. | ||
| + | * Conscription in 1827 | ||
| + | * children taken away from parents and placed in army at age of 8. sent to military schools, " | ||
| + | * 25 yea service, beginning at age of maturity. | ||
| + | * 1867: Jews who finished their 25 years allowed to live anywhere in Russia. | ||
| + | * October 1907 strike. | ||
| + | |||
| + | p.79 | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====== Chapter 5 ====== | ||
| + | |||
| + | * P182: Kosher meat tax: initial use to support jewish community. | ||
sources/books/llsdjr/start.1382678673.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/03/04 21:57 (external edit)