Yurevichi, Belarus

Rechitsa Uyezd, Minsk Gubernia

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sources:websites:kalinkovichisky_news:06-12-2011 [2013/10/24 08:41] – [German Battle 1918 (Барацьба з германцамі і гайдамакамі)] Jon Jarokersources:websites:kalinkovichisky_news:06-12-2011 [2023/03/04 21:57] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ====== Start of Peaceful Life (Пачатак мірнага жыцця) ====== ====== Start of Peaceful Life (Пачатак мірнага жыцця) ======
 +Along with the emancipators the members of Yuravichi revolutionary committee came back to the town. The committee was headed by Fedor Telejnikov. Yulian Polyak describes the town at that time in the newspaper article “ Mobilized by October” in “Za Kommunizm” newspaper: The town was still on fire. You could see bits of telephone wires hanging in the streets, flipped carriages with robbed stuff of dwellers here and there. Left arms and ammunition – the traces of enemies that left the territory in a hurry.
 +And you have to roll up your sleeves and restore everything that was ruined. The epidemics of typhus, dysentery and scarlet fever didn’t quiet down. And forests had still been burning.  
 +The fire cruelly damaged people’s property. It takes a lot of men to struggle against the fires and gangsters”.
 +In one week sharp after the volost had been set free the revolutionary committee convoked a conference which was attended by the delegates of all the villages of volost.
 +The urgent questions of volost’s life were considered there and the resolution to Lenin was approved. The resolution still remains in the government archive.
 +The resolution says: “We are the citizens of Yuravichi volost should respect and support Soviet power because this is the only way to equality, development and peaceful work. Our meeting is the proof of our readiness to support the power as best as we can.
 +
 +The peasants of Yuravichi volast donated hundreds poods of bread and other provision to the Red Army and proletarians. 
 +The authorities of volost helped poor people, widows and families of the Red soldiers in the area. They opened schools and carried out the campaign against illiteracy. In the end of August the gang of ex-landowner Bakunenko was seized and he and his mates were prosecuted. The end was put.  
 +After the liquidation of the gang the life in Yuravichi calmed down just for a little while. Once on November, 1920 bulak-balahoycsi(a gang) attacked the town. But the strengths were not equal. The gangsters collared almost all the policemen and the member of revolutionary committee Novik who had a chance to escape.
 +During the fight another member of the committee ex-sailor of Baltic fleet Ivan Sharov died. The gangsters have being raided for 10 days.  The representatives of Jewish people tried to stand up for Yulian Popel who had been arrested. They sent the statement to People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs(PCIA). The statements says: “ In the end of summer 1938 Yulian Popel was arrested by agents of PCIA in Yuravichi. We heard that Popel is accused of complicity in the crimes made by Balahovich’s gang. On one winter night in 1920 Yuravichi was attacked by the gang and killed few Jews. We were afraid to start negotiations with them so we asked Popel to help us. He is one of the best friends of us and whom we know since his arrival to Yuravichi in 1916. So we asked him to go to the gangsters to learn how they could pay us the death of our innocent people.
 +Being an honest and kind person Popel could not refuse us and took a risk.
 +Popel’s house was a shelter for Jewish families at that cruel time so many people were spared. That is why the number of victims in Yuravichi was comparatively low.
 +Yuravichi was set free from Balahovich’s gand on the 19th of November. During their stay 8 men were killed and 30 men were injured. Almost everyone was robbed especially Jewish people.
 +On the 20th of November Balahovich’s gang numbering 500 people had a chance to burst through the 51st and 48th divisions of the Red Army. Then they escaped through the woods and mires to Poland. The authorities of Poland finally remembered about the treaty of peace with Soviet Russian and had to disarm the remains of the gang in the area of David-Gorodok. Finally peacetime came to Polessye.
  
 ====== Young People at the Forefront (Моладзь у авангардзе) ====== ====== Young People at the Forefront (Моладзь у авангардзе) ======
 +Soon after peace had come Stepan Akulenko was elected as a chairman of Yuravichi volost revolutionary committee. Pavel Melej(father of popular Belarussian writer) was elected as a secretary. 
 +Local population main occupation was based on agriculture, handicraft and trade. Some enterprises that used engines for example mills and milk-churns started to be established.
 +
 +About 5-6 wage-earners worked in craftshops. For example Leiba Ginzburg controlled shoe workshop, Esel Gutman run women tailoring, Leiba Rucaevsky run men tailoring, Zalman Myanevich – a small mineral water production enterprise, Moisey Buhman – a brickyard, Gesya Shlyafer, Leiba Kogan and Moisey Lando bought-up and sold wood. There were many experts such as carpenters, blacksmiths, stove-setters and others. There were many small stores which were run by Jews.
 +In one word living in Yuravichi after the revolution didn’t change much since it had been in 1917. Filip Nagorny describes life in Yuravichi at that time: “ One third of population was Jews, a little fewer of Poles. Others were Belarussians. The major part of Jews was poor and they traded and crafted for their living. Gureviches run a pharmacy and leather workshop. Rudmans did cattle breeding and their employee was Mikanor Nagorny who sometimes transported cattle to Warsaw. Lumberman Lyalchuck accepted Soviet power without cheers”. 
 +The volost revolutionary committee that was dealing with many issues concerning restoring the economy continued to deal with the main issue of peasants – the lands. The confiscated lands were shared between grain growers. On March 1921, for luck of peasants, food rationing policy was replaced by natural tax. In addition to it the military communist policy changed to New Economic Policy which sustained agriculture and industry. 
 +Local youth played an important role in changing cultural scene of the town and the village.
 +In 1988 in connection with 70th anniversary of All-Union Leninist Young Communist League I had a chance to talk to one of the first Komsomol members Fedor Ptashka. “We spent our youth fighting for the communist ideas. Exactly in 1919 Yuravichi first communist party cell was established. That was cruel but eventful time – the time of  Young Communist League establishing, first events of communist volunteer Saturday work, campaigns against illiteracy, establishing of collective farms. In 1922 Balocin , Spavicsky, Suharenko and others were initiators of the local party’s cell rebirth. On April Zahar Ivanchenko who was born in village Shubka was elected as a leader of the cell. In a year the cell’s staff was defined: Ivan Telesh, A.Y. Suharenko-Telesh, Aron Begelman, Leva Gendelman, Boris Gamburg, Kvetni, Kantor, Livshics and others. The leader was Mihail Homyak who later became the secretary of district communist committee”.
 +
 +The twenties and thirties of the 20th centuries are just the past for modern generation. But we followed Lenin’s instructions: leart communist ideas, struggled against famine and havoc, changed the way of rural life that had been rooted for years, broke habits. The revolution wore a red kerchief, held shovels and manuals.
 +The romance of revolution and  the civil war was replaced by the romance of building a new world. In the twenties with the help of members of Komsomol(All-Union Leninist Young Communist League) an orphanage was built. They started to pave the main street with wooden pavements. Gas street lamps were installed.
 +
 +
 +In 1927 there were 2 Komsomol cells: Kazinovskaya and local one. Eduard Kozlovsky was the secretary of the last one. Kazinovskaya cell united youth doing agricultural labor. The local cell united youth working in industry. The local and Kazinovskaya cells merged in 1929. It was headed by Konstantin Telesh.
 +At the same time when the Communist Party decided to make farms collective Komsomol members were the first people who helped to carry this plan out. In 1929-1930 Udarnik kolkhoz (a collective farm) was established. They were not afraid of kulaks(rich peasants) so they carried out the government plan of rural life reforming. 
 +
 +In the beginning of the thirties socialist emulations started to take place. We, Komsomol members, took an active role there. The committee did as much as they could do to make youth more active: examinations, public work, conferences, call-overs. Stakhanovism assumed wide scope. In 1936 a komsomol member Olga Telesh was given an opportunity to present the local komsomol at the 6th All-Union Leninist Young Communist League congress as she got on with work. Also she helped to build the road from Yuravichi. 
 +Members of komsomol spent their leisure time as well as they worked.  They were happy and sang songs while working, though it was hard times. B.S. Katsen was headed a singing circle. R.P. Dulup was his accompanist. The repertoire usually included Belarussian folk songs. Young people were so inspired singing there so next year they gave a performance at All-Union Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy where they presented folk art of Belarus. 50 Yuravichi dwellers have being rehearsed for 2 months to play in public in Moscow.
 +
 +Yuravichi volost was a part of Gomel gubernia RSFSR on the 26th of April 1919. On the 3th of March 1924 it was partially given to BSSR and on the 17th of June it ceased to exist. It turned into administrative unit of Mozyr district.
 +On the 8th of December 1926 Uravichi district was established in Mozyr region. It consisted of 23 rural soviets: Aleksitsky, Berezovsky, Boruski, Velikoavcsukovsky, Glinshchansly, Gradsky, Knyajicsky, Kajushkavsky, Krishicsky, Kuhnoshchensky, Lomishsky, Moklishchansky, Mucsijarsky, Ogorodnichesky, Prudkovsky, Slobodsky, Tulgovitsky, Ujinecsky, Hvoinetsky, Hobnensky, Chornovshchnensky, Shareikovsky, Uravicsky. During June 9, 1927 – July 26m 1930 the soviets were the part of Mozyr district. On the 10th of November 1927 the rural soviets were reorganized. Only the local soviet in Yuravichi and 7 rural soviets (Aleketsky, Berezovsky, Velikoavcsukovsky, Kojushkovsky, Krishitsky, Tulgovitsky, Hobnensky) were left out of 23. In 1930 Yuravichi rural soviet was reestablished. July 8, 1931 Yuravichi district was liquidated. Berezovsky, Velikoavcskovsky, Krishitsky, Uravitsky rural soviets began to be the part of Mozyr district, the others – the part of Hoynitsky district. In 1930 Yuravichi-1 and Yuravichi-2 villages numbered 300 homesteads and 1537 people. The town population numbered 463 people and 114 homesteads.
 +
  
 ====== New Life (новае жыццё) ====== ====== New Life (новае жыццё) ======
 +The process of collective farms establishing in Yuravichi district and town as well as in other parts of the country was not as easy as it may seem. On the 15th of December 1929 the land department chief N.Primak noticed 3 periods of collective farms establishing in the report concerning collective farms establishing in Yuravichi district. The first period took place when 2 Jewish kolkhozes “Krasny Pahar” were merged from disbanded state farm and “Zvezda Svobodi” kolkhoz. These enterprises worked till March 1929. Machinery association “Pahar-Belarus” named after Buharin and land-reclamation association were situated near-by.
 +
 +The second period was the period of carrying out the plans taken at the 15th Russian Communist Party conference. The main idea was a need in agricultural production. So it is clear this plan could only be carried out according to socialistic ideas.
 +
 +In the spring of 1929 nine peasant families decided to establish “Krasny Flag” kolkhoz. A.Y.Homyak, A.V. Ptashka, G.S. Fridman, F.A. Kasyan, M.N Telesh were the founders.  “The organizational meeting was attended by so many people so some of them could not find room in the house”. – remembered V.P. Yashchenko who was a 15-year-old guy when he joined kolkhoz. The process was observed by A.Y.Homyak, I.V.Ptashka, G.S.Fridman. Fridman was elected as a chairman. Ten families more joined the kolkhoz in several months.
 +
 +The third period of collectivization coincided with the resolutions of CKVKP plenum in 1929 and during the 16th Party conference which took place on April of the 1929. Along with adoption of a five-year plan the plans of agricultural reconstruction were defined. 
 +
 +On the 24th of November, 1929 presidiumof Uravichi district executive committee adopted the resolution of the new kolkhoz establishing in Yuravichi. The kolkhoz numbered 25 families. Its founders were Y.M. Blotski, I.M. Myalanich, M.D. Lutskevich and others. The new farm was called after the name of Derjinsky. In less than a month it was decided to establish “Naer Lebun (New Life)” kolkhoz. Thirty families joined it. All in all there were 3 kolkhozes in Yuravichi.
 +However some people didn’t have a strong desire to life a new collective life. And they had many reasons against. Peasants were forced to join kolkhozes and sometimes got frightened. “You don’t join us – you got punished”. – said the proverb of that “whole-country-collectivization” time. But the main reasons of peasants’ unwillingness were the uncertainty of the new way of farming. 
 +
 +On the 5th of 1930 the resolution on collectivization rates and government relief measures was adopted. According to it government started to finance kolkhozes establishing. Another kolkhoz – “Udarnik” was established in Yuravichi in the beginning of 1930. S.I. Telesh was elected as a chairman. But forcing people to join kolkhozes showed that they were established just on paper. By the spring of 1930 a mass outflow of people took place. Three kolkhozes of four ceased to work. But the ones who were self-and future-confident merged into “Krasny Flag” kolkhoz. By the end of 1930 it united 109 homesteads with 463 farmers. It numbered 210 hectares of lands, 77 horses, 45 cows and agricultural equipment.
 +But the state of business left much to be desired. M.Chernyavsky in the report to Mozyr Kolkhoz Union about the state of business in Yuravichi district from March 26, 1930 till April 26, 1930 noticed that in 20 kolkhozes of Yuravichi district stock-taking was not performed. Spring sowing and arrangement of labor realized at a low level. Labor force was not being trained and nobody cared about the business. Sparseness of lands in “Krasny Flag” kolkhoz didn’t allow people to work efficiently. The major part of people didn’t take part at practical work. The steam powered mill was neglected. Transportation was not developed. There were no cattlemen and stables. All in all that were the factors which hampered the development.  
 +
 +Kolkhozes establishment led to wealthy class liquidation. Their representatives resisted kolkhozes establishment. V.P.Yashchenko remembered them burning down barns of Aleksander Homyakm, a pigsty, cow-house and other stuff. It was obviously them doing everything to hamper kolkhozes establishment. However, despite all obstacles kolkhozes appeared and gained strength. The resolution adopted by the poor of Yuravichi district on the 30th of August, 1930 said:”Despite all obstacles from the wealthy whose hampering our business by committing arsons and terror we made progress in collectivization”. To increase the strength of kolkhoz movement the party sent several thousand of working-class communists here. Dmitry Lukyantsev was elected as the kolkhoz chairman. Team form of labor organization and workdays were introduced and piecework became widespread. To increase the efficiency kolkhoz was equipped with machinery. First two machines appeared in Yuravichi in 1933. F.U.Telesh, S.M.Buldik were among the very first drivers. The first tractor appeared here in 1933. P.P. Telesh was among the very first combiners. Women learnt how to operate machines along with men. A.S. Hadovskaya took the wheel, M.T.Telesh drove combine harvester. The collectivization provided had amount, thought it took a lot of effort and expenses. 
 +
 +In 1989 K.I.Kasyan said that kolkhozes establishment was a right decision to make, though mistakes were made and sometimes irrevocable ones. In 1930 our farm strengthened. Kolkhoz “Lenin” was merged from three collective farms: “Krasny Flag”, “Udarnik”, “imeni Kuibisheva”.
 +
 +Merging and division took place in future. For example in 1969 there happened the division: a part of “Lenin” kolkhoz’s lands were given to “50 godov BSSR” the central farmstead of which was located in nearby Byarozavtsi. 
 +
 +In 2002 “Lenin” and “Ogorodniki-Agro” were merged by “50 godov BSSR”. Anatoly Gorkusha has been heading this powerful enterprise for 12 years by 2011.  He started his career in the eighties as a zoo technician in “Lenin”, Yuravichi. Over the period of farm’s existence many things have changed. For example during 1930-1950 crop capacity was about 9-11 centners (100 killos) out of a hectar. A milk yield rate was 1.5 – 1.8 thousand liters a year. There were 3-5 machines. Owing to tireless job the people of Yuravichi made it became real that crop capacity increased repeatedly. Crop capacity in 2006 was 35.1 centners out of a hectar. It increased up to 54 centners by 2009. A milk yield rate is increasing as well. Here goes the yearly statistics: 3345 tons in 2006, 3610 tons in 2008, 3954 tons in 2009 and 4092 tons in 2010. Meat production increased. 601 tons of meat were produced in 2010 while in 2006 – 280 tons.
 +
 +Such people as Ivananovna and Csirulik Stepan are at the end of the roads but the younger generation does their job with dignity: combiners - Lucskevich Fedor and his brothers Leonid and Vladimir, a repeat winner among combiners Mihail Zhelud and his son Nikolay, Sergei Krot, Nikolay Teterev, Nikolay Gorchanko, Vladimir Molashchenko; drivers – Valentin Kuprienkom Aleksandr Goncharenko; cattlemen – Evgenia Kasyan, Taisia Molashchenko, Nina Flyagina, Ludmola Hodeeva; builders – Grigory Suhonos and his son Aleksands, Vladimir Sapozhnikov, Aleksandr Matus, agronomist-gardener Gennady Gorchanko. You name it!
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sources/websites/kalinkovichisky_news/06-12-2011.1382618469.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/03/04 21:57 (external edit)

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