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start [2013/11/07 00:17] – [Beginnings of the Jewish Community] Jon Jaroker | start [2020/10/29 21:03] – old revision restored (2013/12/13 17:36) 100.8.99.92 | ||
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<WRAP half column> | <WRAP half column> | ||
- | <WRAP center round box 90%> | + | === Alternative Names === |
- | ===== Alternative Names ===== | + | |
; English | ; English | ||
: Yurovichi, Yuravitch ((Source: [[: | : Yurovichi, Yuravitch ((Source: [[: | ||
: Jurewicz, Jurevice ((Source: [[: | : Jurewicz, Jurevice ((Source: [[: | ||
+ | : Iurovichi ((Source: [[sources: | ||
; Russian | ; Russian | ||
: Юровичи ((Source: [[sources: | : Юровичи ((Source: [[sources: | ||
Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
: Юравічы ((Source: [[sources: | : Юравічы ((Source: [[sources: | ||
; Polish Kingdom | ; Polish Kingdom | ||
- | : Jurewicze ((Source: [[: | + | : Jurewicze ((Source: [[: |
; Yiddish | ; Yiddish | ||
: ((Source: [[: | : ((Source: [[: | ||
- | </ | + | |
</ | </ | ||
+ | |||
<WRAP half column> | <WRAP half column> | ||
- | <WRAP center round box 90%> | + | |
- | ===== Not the Same As ===== | + | === Not the Same As === |
; Jurowce | ; Jurowce | ||
: Located in the Gmina Wasilków district, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, | : Located in the Gmina Wasilków district, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, | ||
- | | ||
- | </ | ||
- | <WRAP center round box 90%> | + | |
- | ===== Other Identifiers | + | === Other Identifiers |
; Coordinates | ; Coordinates | ||
: 51°57' | : 51°57' | ||
; Kagen Number | ; Kagen Number | ||
: 4055 ((Source: [[: | : 4055 ((Source: [[: | ||
+ | |||
</ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Maps ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP third column> | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Iourevitchi in 1835 === | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[: | ||
+ | |||
</ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP half column> | ||
+ | === Yurevichi Today === | ||
+ | |||
+ | <olmap id=" | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
===== Beginnings of the Jewish Community ====== | ===== Beginnings of the Jewish Community ====== | ||
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Life in Belarus became untenable in the second half of the 1600s with the start of religious wars of the Orthodox against the Jews and Catholics. During the war of 1654-1667, almost all of Belarus was captured by Muscovy, whose policy was to annihilate non-Orthodox faiths in lands they seized. Over half of the Belarus population perished. Yurevichi, along with other towns on the south eastern border, were wiped out. | Life in Belarus became untenable in the second half of the 1600s with the start of religious wars of the Orthodox against the Jews and Catholics. During the war of 1654-1667, almost all of Belarus was captured by Muscovy, whose policy was to annihilate non-Orthodox faiths in lands they seized. Over half of the Belarus population perished. Yurevichi, along with other towns on the south eastern border, were wiped out. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Jews of Yurevichi were Litvaks. | ||
==== Decline of The Duchy of Lithuania ==== | ==== Decline of The Duchy of Lithuania ==== | ||
Line 99: | Line 124: | ||
Litvaks were " | Litvaks were " | ||
+ | ==== Transition to the Kingdom of Poland ==== | ||
- | ===== Transition from Polish to Russian Empire ===== | + | As the Grand Duchy of Lithuania weakened, the power of Poland in the Commonwealth increased. |
+ | * Growing importance of Catholics | ||
+ | * Jesuit mission | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Russian Empire ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Initially a status quo. Economic situation was bad since 1650s. | ||
+ | * Polish language was viewed as language of elite (landowners); | ||
+ | * Attempts to convert new lands to Orthodoxy, but Catholicism, | ||
+ | * new taxes on property and commerce | ||
+ | * ban on ownership of property in rural areas | ||
+ | * increased difficulty of entrepreneurship | ||
+ | * compeititon in crafts and trade | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Second Partition of Poland ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Catherine the Great takes over lands. Russia tried to keep Jews out of Russian lands, but now inherits the large Jewish population of Grand Duchy. | ||
* relative religious tolerance in Belarus changes to suppression of non-Orthodox religions and submission to the Moscow czars. | * relative religious tolerance in Belarus changes to suppression of non-Orthodox religions and submission to the Moscow czars. | ||
+ | * Yurevichi becomes part of Rechitsa Uezd and part of the Minsk Province (Gubernia) | ||
+ | * Initially, not much change. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== War of 1812 ==== | ||
+ | * quartering of French soldiers in Jewish homes. Conflicts with lighting fires on the Sabbeth. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Tax Collections ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Rise in tax collection from Jews | ||
+ | * Kosher meat tax: initial use to support jewish community. | ||
+ | * Candle tax | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Commerce ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Drinking establishments provide largest source of income | ||
+ | * | ||
+ | ==== Compulsory Military Service ==== | ||
+ | * started in 1827. cantonists. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Notable Figures ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Feigin family, including Litman (motel) Feigin. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Russification ==== | ||
+ | * attempt to minimize influence of Polish culsture and Jewish economic role | ||
+ | * closing of Catholic monasteries and opening Orthodox ones | ||
+ | * Conscription at age 8 to serve 25 years from age 18. " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Emancipation of the Serfs ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * attempt to diffuse hostility to monarchy; attempt to win support of peasants by Russian tsar | ||
+ | * purchased by merchant Bakunienki (3400mr) (in 1800s?) | ||
+ | * rise in standards of living | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Notes ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Conflict with Catholics. destruction of Jesuit church. | ||
* Commonwealth granted considerable autonomy to Jews | * Commonwealth granted considerable autonomy to Jews | ||
* Catholic presence...Orthodox | * Catholic presence...Orthodox | ||
* Oskierky estate | * Oskierky estate | ||
- | * purchased by merchant Bakunienki (3400mr) (in 1800s?) | ||
- | ===== The Wars ===== | ||
+ | ===== End of the Russian Empire ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | * start of pogroms in 1880s. | ||
+ | * View of Jewish merchants and manufacturers as exploiters. | ||
+ | * new regulations against Jews settling in rural areas or owning and renting property there | ||
+ | * result in Jewish population without means to support themselves and families if they lived outside the mestechkos | ||
+ | * forced out of villages into " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Civil War ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Baluk-Balakovich attack. Sarah Suchman' | ||
===== Soviet Terror ===== | ===== Soviet Terror ===== | ||
===== German Terror ===== | ===== German Terror ===== |
start.txt · Last modified: 2023/03/04 21:57 by 127.0.0.1