Differences

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--- start [2013/11/11 12:53] – [Yurevichi, Belarus] Jon Jaroker
+++ start [2023/03/04 21:57] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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+~~NOTOC~~
 ====== Yurevichi, Belarus ======
 An oasis in the marshlands of [[geography:regions:polesie|Polesia]], Yurevichi was a small town surrounded by forests and the [[:geography:regions:Pripyat Marshes]] and dominated by a rain-soaked autumn, a harsh, snow-covered winter and a flooded, swampy spring that rendered the region virtually impassable for most of the year.  Located 168m above sea level near an important East-West trade route between Poland and the Black Sea, the town was pillaged and destroyed by Mongols and Tartars in the medieval period and invaded and occupied by Napoleonic, Russian, German, Bolshevik and Polish forces during modern times.
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 <WRAP half column>
-<WRAP center round box 90%>
+=== Alternative Names ===
-== Alternative Names ==
   ; English
   : Yurovichi, Yuravitch ((Source: [[:sources:WOWW:|Where Once We Walked]]))
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   : Юравічы ((Source: [[sources:tvb:start|Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя - Towns and Villages in Belarus: An Encyclopedia]]))
   ; Polish Kingdom
-  : Jurewicze ((Source: [[:sources:gdpk:|Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Polish and other Slavic Countries]]))
+  : Jurewicze ((Source: [[:sources:gdpk:|Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Polish and other Slavic Countries]])), Juravicy
   ; Yiddish
   : ((Source: [[:sources:hsl:start|Hebrew Subscription Lists]])) יוראָוויצע
-</WRAP>
 </WRAP>
 <WRAP half column>
-<WRAP center round box 90%>
-== Not the Same As ==
+=== Not the Same As ===
   ; Jurowce
   : Located in the Gmina Wasilków district, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland
-</WRAP>
-<WRAP center round box 90%>
-== Other Identifiers  ==
+=== Other Identifiers  ===
   ; Coordinates
   : 51°57' N, 29°32' E ((Source: [[:sources:WOWW:|Where Once We Walked]]))
   ; Kagen Number
   : 4055 ((Source: [[:sources:HSL:|Hebrew Subscription Lists]]))
 </WRAP>
+----
+==== Maps ====
+<WRAP third column>
+=== Iourevitchi in 1835 ===
+[[:geography:maps:david_rumsey_historical_map_collection:soc_diff_useful_knowledge_russia_in_europe_part_v._1835|{{:society-1835-excerpt.png}}]]
 </WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+=== Yurevichi Today ===
+<olmap id="yurevichi" width="500px" height="290px" lat="51.94167" lon="29.52586" zoom="8" statusbar="0" toolbar="0" controls="1" poihoverstyle="1" baselyr="google relief" summary="Yurevichi Modern Map">
+</olmap>
+</WRAP>
+----
 ===== Beginnings of the Jewish Community ======
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   * Jesuit mission
+===== Russian Empire =====
-===== Transition from Polish to Russian Empire =====
+  * Initially a status quo. Economic situation was bad since 1650s.  CathII lifts taxes on Minsk Province (except customs duties) until 1795.Next impoverishment
+  * Polish language was viewed as language of elite (landowners);  Belorus language considered "countrified".  Russian language seen as foreign.
+  * Attempts to convert new lands to Orthodoxy, but Catholicism, Uniate Church and Lithuanian-Polish culutre deeploy rooted in the east Slavic population
+  * new taxes on property and commerce
+  * ban on ownership of property in rural areas
+  * increased difficulty of entrepreneurship
+  * compeititon in crafts and trade
 ==== Second Partition of Poland ====
@@ Line 114: / Line 145: @@
   * Catherine the Great takes over lands. Russia tried to keep Jews out of Russian lands, but now inherits the large Jewish population of Grand Duchy.  Start of the Pale of Settlement.
   * relative religious tolerance in Belarus changes to suppression of non-Orthodox religions and submission to the Moscow czars.
+  * Yurevichi becomes part of Rechitsa Uezd and part of the Minsk Province (Gubernia)
+  * Initially, not much change.  CathII needs support of Polish szlachta.  Includes freedom of travel to Warsaw an
+==== War of 1812 ====
+  * quartering of French soldiers in Jewish homes. Conflicts with lighting fires on the Sabbeth.
+==== Tax Collections ====
+  * Rise in tax collection from Jews
+  * Kosher meat tax: initial use to support jewish community.  1825 law. Under Russian authority, used to support city.  Results in increase in meat prices, decrease in consumption and undernourishment.  Role of factoring continues: right to collect tax for 4 years, at a discount.  Collection in Rechitsa and Iurovichi indicates that the tax revenue was high enough to support this factoring.  Iurovichi must have been a substantial mestochko.  1840-1843: Nison/Leiba Feigin collet tax.   (grnadson of well-known tsadik Shender of Iurovichi, son of social activist, rabbi and merchant Litman (Motel) Feigin).  (P.182.)  Nison Feigin unable to collect; property auctioned.  Initially a tax to fund Jewish rebuilding after Cossack attacks; userped by Russians as a tax to maintain city.
+  * Candle tax
+==== Commerce ====
+  * Drinking establishments provide largest source of income
+  *
+==== Compulsory Military Service ====
+  * started in 1827. cantonists.  Kahals responsible for recruits.
+==== Notable Figures ====
+Feigin family, including Litman (motel) Feigin.
+==== Russification ====
+  * attempt to minimize influence of Polish culsture and Jewish economic role
+  * closing of Catholic monasteries and opening Orthodox ones
+  * Conscription at age 8 to serve 25 years from age 18.  "cantonists".
 ==== Emancipation of the Serfs ====
-  * attempt to diffuse hostility to monarchy
+  * attempt to diffuse hostility to monarchy; attempt to win support of peasants by Russian tsar
   * purchased by merchant Bakunienki (3400mr) (in 1800s?)
+  * rise in standards of living
 ==== Notes ====
   * Conflict with Catholics. destruction of Jesuit church.  Conversion of the church to Orthodox.
   * Commonwealth granted considerable autonomy to Jews
   * Catholic presence...Orthodox
   * Oskierky estate
-===== The Wars =====
+===== End of the Russian Empire =====
+   * start of pogroms in 1880s.
+   * View of Jewish merchants and manufacturers as exploiters.
+   * new regulations against Jews settling in rural areas or owning and renting property there
+   * result in Jewish population without means to support themselves and families if they lived outside the mestechkos
+   * forced out of villages into "meschekos" as a way to concentrate Jewish population.  Result was in competition between Jewish merchants and crafts (too many blacksmiths for a town) and inability to make a living.  Impoverishment.
+==== Civil War ====
+  * Baluk-Balakovich attack. Sarah Suchman's recollections.  Statement from [[sources:books:mkd:a_patriot_an_explorer_a_scientist|p. 182 - A patriot, an explorer, a scientist]]
 ===== Soviet Terror =====
 ===== German Terror =====