Yurevichi, Belarus

Rechitsa Uyezd, Minsk Gubernia

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start [2013/11/11 14:39] – [Transition from Polish to Russian Empire] Jon Jarokerstart [2023/03/04 21:57] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 +~~NOTOC~~
 ====== Yurevichi, Belarus ====== ====== Yurevichi, Belarus ======
 An oasis in the marshlands of [[geography:regions:polesie|Polesia]], Yurevichi was a small town surrounded by forests and the [[:geography:regions:Pripyat Marshes]] and dominated by a rain-soaked autumn, a harsh, snow-covered winter and a flooded, swampy spring that rendered the region virtually impassable for most of the year.  Located 168m above sea level near an important East-West trade route between Poland and the Black Sea, the town was pillaged and destroyed by Mongols and Tartars in the medieval period and invaded and occupied by Napoleonic, Russian, German, Bolshevik and Polish forces during modern times. An oasis in the marshlands of [[geography:regions:polesie|Polesia]], Yurevichi was a small town surrounded by forests and the [[:geography:regions:Pripyat Marshes]] and dominated by a rain-soaked autumn, a harsh, snow-covered winter and a flooded, swampy spring that rendered the region virtually impassable for most of the year.  Located 168m above sea level near an important East-West trade route between Poland and the Black Sea, the town was pillaged and destroyed by Mongols and Tartars in the medieval period and invaded and occupied by Napoleonic, Russian, German, Bolshevik and Polish forces during modern times.
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 <WRAP half column> <WRAP half column>
  
-<WRAP center round box 90%> +=== Alternative Names ===
-== Alternative Names ==+
   ; English   ; English
   : Yurovichi, Yuravitch ((Source: [[:sources:WOWW:|Where Once We Walked]]))   : Yurovichi, Yuravitch ((Source: [[:sources:WOWW:|Where Once We Walked]]))
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   : Юравічы ((Source: [[sources:tvb:start|Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя - Towns and Villages in Belarus: An Encyclopedia]]))   : Юравічы ((Source: [[sources:tvb:start|Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя - Towns and Villages in Belarus: An Encyclopedia]]))
   ; Polish Kingdom   ; Polish Kingdom
-  : Jurewicze ((Source: [[:sources:gdpk:|Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Polish and other Slavic Countries]])) +  : Jurewicze ((Source: [[:sources:gdpk:|Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Polish and other Slavic Countries]])), Juravicy
   ; Yiddish   ; Yiddish
   : ((Source: [[:sources:hsl:start|Hebrew Subscription Lists]])) יוראָוויצע   : ((Source: [[:sources:hsl:start|Hebrew Subscription Lists]])) יוראָוויצע
  
-</WRAP>+
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
 +
  
 <WRAP half column> <WRAP half column>
  
-<WRAP center round box 90%> + 
-== Not the Same As ==+=== Not the Same As ===
   ; Jurowce   ; Jurowce
   : Located in the Gmina Wasilków district, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland   : Located in the Gmina Wasilków district, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland
-   
-</WRAP> 
  
-<WRAP center round box 90%> + 
-== Other Identifiers  ==+=== Other Identifiers  ===
   ; Coordinates   ; Coordinates
   : 51°57' N, 29°32' E ((Source: [[:sources:WOWW:|Where Once We Walked]]))   : 51°57' N, 29°32' E ((Source: [[:sources:WOWW:|Where Once We Walked]]))
   ; Kagen Number   ; Kagen Number
   : 4055 ((Source: [[:sources:HSL:|Hebrew Subscription Lists]]))   : 4055 ((Source: [[:sources:HSL:|Hebrew Subscription Lists]]))
 +
  
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
 +
 +
 +----
 +
 +==== Maps ====
 +
 +
 +<WRAP third column>
 +
 +=== Iourevitchi in 1835 ===
 +
 +[[:geography:maps:david_rumsey_historical_map_collection:soc_diff_useful_knowledge_russia_in_europe_part_v._1835|{{:society-1835-excerpt.png}}]]
 +
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
 +
 +<WRAP half column>
 +=== Yurevichi Today ===
 +
 +<olmap id="yurevichi" width="500px" height="290px" lat="51.94167" lon="29.52586" zoom="8" statusbar="0" toolbar="0" controls="1" poihoverstyle="1" baselyr="google relief" summary="Yurevichi Modern Map">
 +</olmap>
 +
 +</WRAP>
 +
 +----
 +
 ===== Beginnings of the Jewish Community ====== ===== Beginnings of the Jewish Community ======
  
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   * Jesuit mission   * Jesuit mission
  
 +===== Russian Empire =====
  
-===== Transition from Polish to Russian Empire ===== +  * Initially a status quo. Economic situation was bad since 1650s.  CathII lifts taxes on Minsk Province (except customs duties) until 1795.Next impoverishment 
- +  * Polish language was viewed as language of elite (landowners);  Belorus language considered "countrified".  Russian language seen as foreign. 
-  * Initially a status quo. Next impoverishment +  * Attempts to convert new lands to Orthodoxy, but Catholicism, Uniate Church and Lithuanian-Polish culutre deeploy rooted in the east Slavic population 
-  * new taxes+  * new taxes on property and commerce
   * ban on ownership of property in rural areas   * ban on ownership of property in rural areas
   * increased difficulty of entrepreneurship   * increased difficulty of entrepreneurship
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   * Kosher meat tax: initial use to support jewish community.  1825 law. Under Russian authority, used to support city.  Results in increase in meat prices, decrease in consumption and undernourishment.  Role of factoring continues: right to collect tax for 4 years, at a discount.  Collection in Rechitsa and Iurovichi indicates that the tax revenue was high enough to support this factoring.  Iurovichi must have been a substantial mestochko.  1840-1843: Nison/Leiba Feigin collet tax.   (grnadson of well-known tsadik Shender of Iurovichi, son of social activist, rabbi and merchant Litman (Motel) Feigin).  (P.182.)  Nison Feigin unable to collect; property auctioned.  Initially a tax to fund Jewish rebuilding after Cossack attacks; userped by Russians as a tax to maintain city.   * Kosher meat tax: initial use to support jewish community.  1825 law. Under Russian authority, used to support city.  Results in increase in meat prices, decrease in consumption and undernourishment.  Role of factoring continues: right to collect tax for 4 years, at a discount.  Collection in Rechitsa and Iurovichi indicates that the tax revenue was high enough to support this factoring.  Iurovichi must have been a substantial mestochko.  1840-1843: Nison/Leiba Feigin collet tax.   (grnadson of well-known tsadik Shender of Iurovichi, son of social activist, rabbi and merchant Litman (Motel) Feigin).  (P.182.)  Nison Feigin unable to collect; property auctioned.  Initially a tax to fund Jewish rebuilding after Cossack attacks; userped by Russians as a tax to maintain city.
   * Candle tax   * Candle tax
 +
 +==== Commerce ====
 +
 +  * Drinking establishments provide largest source of income
 +  * 
 +==== Compulsory Military Service ====
 +  * started in 1827. cantonists.  Kahals responsible for recruits.
  
 ==== Notable Figures ==== ==== Notable Figures ====
  
 Feigin family, including Litman (motel) Feigin. Feigin family, including Litman (motel) Feigin.
 +
 +==== Russification ====
 +  * attempt to minimize influence of Polish culsture and Jewish economic role
 +  * closing of Catholic monasteries and opening Orthodox ones
 +  * Conscription at age 8 to serve 25 years from age 18.  "cantonists".
  
 ==== Emancipation of the Serfs ==== ==== Emancipation of the Serfs ====
  
-  * attempt to diffuse hostility to monarchy+  * attempt to diffuse hostility to monarchy; attempt to win support of peasants by Russian tsar
   * purchased by merchant Bakunienki (3400mr) (in 1800s?)   * purchased by merchant Bakunienki (3400mr) (in 1800s?)
   * rise in standards of living   * rise in standards of living
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   * Conflict with Catholics. destruction of Jesuit church.  Conversion of the church to Orthodox.   * Conflict with Catholics. destruction of Jesuit church.  Conversion of the church to Orthodox.
- 
   * Commonwealth granted considerable autonomy to Jews   * Commonwealth granted considerable autonomy to Jews
   * Catholic presence...Orthodox   * Catholic presence...Orthodox
   * Oskierky estate   * Oskierky estate
  
-===== The Wars ===== 
  
 +===== End of the Russian Empire =====
 +
 +
 +   * start of pogroms in 1880s.
 +   * View of Jewish merchants and manufacturers as exploiters.
 +   * new regulations against Jews settling in rural areas or owning and renting property there
 +   * result in Jewish population without means to support themselves and families if they lived outside the mestechkos
 +   * forced out of villages into "meschekos" as a way to concentrate Jewish population.  Result was in competition between Jewish merchants and crafts (too many blacksmiths for a town) and inability to make a living.  Impoverishment.
 +
 +==== Civil War ====
 +
 +  * Baluk-Balakovich attack. Sarah Suchman's recollections.  Statement from [[sources:books:mkd:a_patriot_an_explorer_a_scientist|p. 182 - A patriot, an explorer, a scientist]]
 ===== Soviet Terror ===== ===== Soviet Terror =====
 ===== German Terror ===== ===== German Terror =====
start.1384198792.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/03/04 21:57 (external edit)
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