start
Differences
This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
Both sides previous revisionPrevious revisionNext revision | Previous revision | ||
start [2019/09/23 12:37] – 185.255.96.99 | start [2023/03/04 21:57] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
- | Hello. | + | ~~NOTOC~~ |
- | + | ====== Yurevichi, Belarus ====== | |
- | Where I can download XEvil for free on your website? | + | An oasis in the marshlands of [[geography: |
- | Got information | + | |
- | + | This is the story of the Jewish community in Yurevichi as it existed prior to World War II. | |
- | Thanks. | + | |
+ | <WRAP half column> | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Alternative Names === | ||
+ | ; English | ||
+ | : Yurovichi, Yuravitch ((Source: [[: | ||
+ | : Jurewicz, Jurevice ((Source: [[: | ||
+ | : Iurovichi ((Source: [[sources: | ||
+ | ; Russian | ||
+ | : Юровичи ((Source: [[sources: | ||
+ | ; Belorussian | ||
+ | : Юравічы ((Source: [[sources: | ||
+ | ; Polish Kingdom | ||
+ | : Jurewicze ((Source: [[: | ||
+ | ; Yiddish | ||
+ | : ((Source: [[: | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP half column> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | === Not the Same As === | ||
+ | ; Jurowce | ||
+ | : Located in the Gmina Wasilków district, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | === Other Identifiers | ||
+ | ; Coordinates | ||
+ | : 51°57' | ||
+ | ; Kagen Number | ||
+ | : 4055 ((Source: [[: | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Maps ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP third column> | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Iourevitchi in 1835 === | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[: | ||
+ | |||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP half column> | ||
+ | === Yurevichi Today === | ||
+ | |||
+ | <olmap id=" | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Beginnings of the Jewish Community ====== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Yurevichi' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== The Wild East ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | During the 1300s, Lithuanian dukes expanded their territory eastward towards Moscow and southwards towards the Black Sea, enriching themselves through taxes, customs duties, leasing mills and taverns and exporting grains and timber from their new lands. At the height of their power in the 1500 and 1600s, court life at home was lavish while the eastern and southern territories were in a state of perpetual war against Tartars, Crimean Cossacks and Muscovy. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Financing their grand lifestyles at home and wars at the border, the dukes sold rights to collect future income from taxes, customs duties and leases in exchange for an advance payment. This factoring offer was available to all inhabitants, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Prohibited from owning land, Jews were unencumbered by the same caution and immobility. Entrepreneurial, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Joining these early Jewish collectors and leaseholders were merchants searching for raw materials, such as timber. Following the Pripyat river, they visited towns such as Mazyr and Pinsk in southern Belarus. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== First Settlements ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | In 1510 Yurevichi became the manorial estate of Bogdan Serbinavu, an official to King Sigismund | ||
+ | |||
+ | Economic activity and Jewish life flourished in the first half of the 1600s in Belarus towns such as Rechitsa and likely extended to Yurevichi. Noble landowners leased parts of their estates to Jews, especially those associated with grain production. Jews worked in milling grain, distilling alcohol and selling vodka. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Life in Belarus became untenable in the second half of the 1600s with the start of religious wars of the Orthodox against the Jews and Catholics. During the war of 1654-1667, almost all of Belarus was captured by Muscovy, whose policy was to annihilate non-Orthodox faiths in lands they seized. Over half of the Belarus population perished. Yurevichi, along with other towns on the south eastern border, were wiped out. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Jews of Yurevichi were Litvaks. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Decline of The Duchy of Lithuania ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | At great cost and effort, the territory was retaken by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the early 1660s. Jews and Christians began returning to the region after the war's end in 1667. A wooden monastery built in 1683 by Catholic Jesuits in Yurevichi attests to the region' | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | * region was lightly populated and impoverished | ||
+ | |||
+ | The first permanent Jewish community in Yurevichi developed sometime in the 1700s. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Jewish census of 1789 (probably used in population figures). but Census was used to tax Jews; likely undercounted because Jews hid. | ||
+ | * Jewish population in Rechitsa did not increase over a quarter century because Jews were migrating from the town to privately owned vilalges, which offered greater possibilities for earning a living through trade, leading lad. | ||
+ | |||
+ | By the late-1700s, the community included six tailors, two butchers and one shoemaker and can be considered a // | ||
+ | |||
+ | * owners of mestechkos attracted Jews to develop local ecoomy | ||
+ | * Principal occupation of Jews: distilling alcohol, selling bodka, leasing various sectors of nobile' | ||
+ | * lightly populated and impoverished towns could not guarantee living for Jews in towns | ||
+ | * Jews paid taxes and gave " | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Stanislaus August gave privileges to the town in 1778; what does give privileges mean? | ||
+ | * coming of craftsmen: smiths | ||
+ | * importance of timber trade | ||
+ | * leasing mills/ | ||
+ | * Decline of the Lithuanian economy, rise of merchants and crafts | ||
+ | * Last third of 1700s, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth suffered econoonmic decliene; implications for Jews | ||
+ | * Economy impoverished. Christian population creates laws to restricute compeition | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Litvaks ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were called Litvins. Lithuanian Jews became known as Litvaks. These were the Lithuanian-Belarus Jews that migrated eastwards as entrepreneurs in the 1500 and 1600s and became the merchants and craftsmen of the 1700 and 1800s. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Litvaks were " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Transition to the Kingdom of Poland ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | As the Grand Duchy of Lithuania weakened, the power of Poland in the Commonwealth increased. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Growing importance of Catholics | ||
+ | * Jesuit mission | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Russian Empire ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Initially a status quo. Economic situation was bad since 1650s. | ||
+ | * Polish language was viewed as language of elite (landowners); | ||
+ | * Attempts to convert new lands to Orthodoxy, but Catholicism, | ||
+ | * new taxes on property and commerce | ||
+ | * ban on ownership | ||
+ | * increased difficulty of entrepreneurship | ||
+ | * compeititon in crafts and trade | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Second Partition of Poland ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Catherine the Great takes over lands. Russia tried to keep Jews out of Russian lands, but now inherits the large Jewish population of Grand Duchy. | ||
+ | * relative religious tolerance in Belarus changes to suppression of non-Orthodox religions and submission to the Moscow czars. | ||
+ | * Yurevichi becomes part of Rechitsa Uezd and part of the Minsk Province (Gubernia) | ||
+ | * Initially, not much change. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== War of 1812 ==== | ||
+ | * quartering of French soldiers in Jewish homes. Conflicts with lighting fires on the Sabbeth. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Tax Collections ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Rise in tax collection from Jews | ||
+ | * Kosher meat tax: initial use to support jewish community. | ||
+ | * Candle tax | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Commerce ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Drinking establishments provide largest source of income | ||
+ | * | ||
+ | ==== Compulsory Military Service ==== | ||
+ | * started in 1827. cantonists. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Notable Figures ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Feigin family, including Litman (motel) Feigin. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Russification ==== | ||
+ | * attempt to minimize influence of Polish culsture and Jewish economic role | ||
+ | * closing of Catholic monasteries and opening Orthodox ones | ||
+ | * Conscription at age 8 to serve 25 years from age 18. " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Emancipation of the Serfs ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * attempt to diffuse hostility to monarchy; attempt to win support of peasants by Russian tsar | ||
+ | * purchased by merchant Bakunienki (3400mr) (in 1800s?) | ||
+ | * rise in standards of living | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Notes ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Conflict with Catholics. destruction of Jesuit church. | ||
+ | * Commonwealth granted considerable autonomy to Jews | ||
+ | * Catholic presence...Orthodox | ||
+ | * Oskierky estate | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===== End of the Russian Empire ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | * start of pogroms in 1880s. | ||
+ | * View of Jewish merchants and manufacturers as exploiters. | ||
+ | * new regulations against Jews settling in rural areas or owning and renting property there | ||
+ | * result in Jewish population without means to support themselves and families if they lived outside the mestechkos | ||
+ | * forced out of villages into " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Civil War ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Baluk-Balakovich attack. Sarah Suchman' | ||
+ | ===== Soviet Terror ===== | ||
+ | ===== German Terror ===== | ||
+ | ===== The End of the Jewish Community ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Property of missing/ |
start.1569256628.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/03/04 21:57 (external edit)